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AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON STRENGTH PARAMETERS OF STEEL OR PLASTIC FIBERS USING COCONUT SHELL CEMENT CONCRETE

Prakash Chandar S1, Gunasekaran K2, Gaurishaditya Ravichandran3 And Ramsubramani R1*

1Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, India

2Department of Civil Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, India

3Post Graduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, India

*Corresponding Author:
Ramsubramani R
E-mail: ramprabu862@gmail.com

Received 11 July, 2017; Accepted 24 October, 2017

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Abstract

The cost of building construction with conventional materials is a major concern these days, So there is a demand of materials those could replace conventional building materials. So the aim of the project is to find such type of products which could help to build a low cost housing. Thus it was found Coconut shell and certain fibers produce a huge amount of wastage in the society. It was known that by adding certain fibers, strength parameters of concrete tends to increase. Also Steel and Plastic fibers possess a great resistance towards cracks. So in this paper, various proportions of fibers at 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% are introduced in M25 grade of concrete and the results of Compressive, Tensile and Flexural strength were studied and observed that there is certain improvement in terms of strength in Coconut shell Concrete. It was known during testing and observation that 1% of fiber is found to be more effective than other proportion of fibers that were introduced in Coconut shell Concrete and Slump Cone results suggested that workability of concrete decreases with increase in amount of fiber contents.

Keywords

Coconut shell, Steel fiber, Plastic fiber, Low cost housing, SSD, XRD

Introduction

Concrete is a material that is made up of aggregates such as fine aggregate and coarse aggregate, cement, water and admixtures. It is the most commonly used construction material because of its vitality. Around 8 tones of concrete is manufactured every year in terms of its need. It is known that aggregates are the major part in production of concrete. With the demand of natural aggregates increasing year by year, it is predicted that by 2020 there will be demand of 2000 million metric tones of aggregate. So this demand raises a huge question on our eco system and its preservation. Thereby, any alternate material for coarse aggregate is in need and to preserve our environment it is important to look after the waste materials that are produced and how it could be used as a replacement of coarse aggregate. In such way it was observed that coconut shell possesses a huge amount of wastage in agricultural field. Also studies suggest that coconut shell can be used a replacement of coarse aggregate. Concrete is known to be strong in compression and comparatively weaker in tension, So to enhance the tensile strength of concrete certain fibers could be added to the concrete. So with addition of fibers in concrete, cracks can be prevented in concrete which may tend to occur early. Fibers also could improve the mechanical properties of the concrete (Ahmed and Lovell, 1994).

Steel fibers

Steel fibers are introduced into the concrete to increase the tensile property and to avoid the cracks that get formed in the concrete. It increases the toughness of concrete and further increases the mechanical properties of the concrete. It is been very well used in the modern construction industry to resist certain characteristics of concrete. The type of steel fiber used is the hooked type steel fiber (Olanipekun, et al., 2006).

Plastic fibers

The use of Plastic has increased rapidly in the world, So it creates a huge wastage of plastic. So considering the environment it is necessary to make use of the plastics wastage that could be used a fiber. So it was found that after cutting of PVC plastic pipe, huge amount of shredded plastic is wasted. Thus that could be used as one of Plastic fiber (Gunasekaran, et al., 2011).

Objective and Scope

To examine properties of steel and plastic fibers and to develop mix design in coconut shell cement concrete. To study the fresh and hardened fiber reinforced concrete using coconut shell concrete. To study the behaviour of different structural elements under static loading. The use of coconut shell as partial or total replacement of coarse aggregate will not only solve environmental problems but also will generate income from waste. To study the experimental behavior of steel fiber and plastic fiber in varying proportions of coconut shell concrete (IS : 516-1959).

Materials Used

There were various materials used for the project and they were as follow.

Cement

The cement used for the following project is OPC grade 53.

Fine aggregate

The fine aggregate used for the project is river sand and the size of fine aggregate was maximum of 4.75 mm.

Coconut shell concrete

The Coconut shell was produced by crushing the coconut in crusher machine of size 10 mm maximum 12.5 mm and saturated surface dryness was carried out with the coconut shell before it is used for casting.

Steel fiber

A hooked type steel fiber of diameter 0.5 mm and 4 cm length was introduced into the concrete to improve the tensile characteristics of concrete.

Plastic fiber

Cutting of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) pipe produces shredded waste, so it is used as Plastic Fiber in the following project (Figure 1 and 2).

icontrolpollution-Hooked-steel

Figure 1: Hooked steel fiber.

icontrolpollution-plastic-fiber

Figure 2: PVC plastic fiber.

X-Ray Diffraction Analysis

X ray diffraction is one method to determine the crystalline of a compound, its main purpose is to determine the percent of crystalline of a sample and to distinguish between crystalline and amorphous material (Figure 3).

icontrolpollution-analysis-coconut

Figure 3: X-ray diffracted image analysis of coconut shell and plastic fiber.

Test Results and Discussion

Compression strength test

Compression Strength test was carried out in Universal Testing Machine (UTM), by placing the cube in machine and with load being applied gradually. The size of the cube used is 100 × 100 × 100 mm. Then the stress is computed by (load/area) N/mm2 Table 1 and (Figure 4).

icontrolpollution-analysis-coconut

Figure 4: Graphical representation and comparison on compression strength of control and coconut shell concrete along with varying proportions of steel fibers and plastic fibers.

Materials % of fiber Compressive strength N/mm2  3rd day Compressive strength N/mm2 7th day Compressive strength N/mm2 28th day
CC 0% 19.7 22.52 33.4
CSC 0% 13.6 18.2 26.3
Steel fiber 0.5% 14.3 19 26.3
1% 15 19.6 27.2
1.5% 13.5 17.3 23.2
2% 10.3 17.4 21.2
Plastic fiber 0.5% 15.1 20 27
1% 18.6 22.6 28.2
1.5% 14 18 22.1
2% 13 15.7 21.6

Table 1: Compression strength test of control and coconut shell concrete along with varying proportions of steel fibers and plastic fibers

Tensile strength test

Tensile strength test was carried out using the cylinder specimen, to determine the split tensile strength of the concrete. The cylinder casted for testing is 100 mm in diameter and 200 mm in length and to compute the stress the formula used is (2P/ 3.14 × D × L) N/mm2 (Table 2) and (Figure 5).

icontrolpollution-steel-fibers

Figure 5: Graphical representation and comparison on tensile strength of control and coconut shell concrete along with varying proportions of steel fibers and plastic fibers.

Material % of fiber Compressive strength N/mm2
3rd day
Compressive strength N/mm2
7th day
Compressive strength N/mm2
28th day
CC 0% 2.16 3.59 4
CSC 0% 1.08 2.10 2.50
Steel fiber 0.5% 1.27 2.29 4.23
1% 1.84 2.80 4.92
1.5% 1.65 2.58 4.47
2% 1.59 2.50 4.36
Plastic fiber 0.5% 1.30 2.36 4.30
1% 1.92 2.90 5.00
1.5% 1.66 2.64 2.51
2% 1.63 2.51 4.36

Table 2: Tensile strength test of control and coconut shell concrete along with varying proportions of steel fibers and plastic fibers

Flexural beam test

The flexural beam test was carried out in Universal Testing Machine (UTM), for carrying out the test the beam specimen of size 100 × 100 × 500 mm is used. To compute the stress, the formula of (PL/bd2) N/ mm2 (Table 3 and Figure 6).

icontrolpollution-comparison-flexural

Figure 6: Graphical representation and comparison on flexural strength of control and coconut shell concrete along with varying proportions of steel fibers and plastic fibers

Materials % of fiber Compressive strength N/mm2
3rd day
Compressive strength N/mm2
7th day
Compressive strength N/mm2
28th day
CC 0% 2.5 4 7
CSC 0% 2 2.5 4
Steel fiber 0.5% 3 4.5 7
1% 5 5.5 8
1.5% 4.5 5 7
2% 4 4.5 6.5
Plastic fiber 0.5% 3.5 4.5 7.5
1% 5.5 6 9
1.5% 4.5 5.5 7.5
2% 4 5 6

Table 3: Flexural strength test of control and coconut shell concrete along with varying proportions of steel fibers and plastic fibers

Analysis on failure of RC column

To determine the failure analysis of Reinforced Column, it is important to know the maximum deflection the reinforced column undergoes when load being applied. This deflection will be determined through the deflectometer placed in both sides of the column when the load is applied (Figures 7 -9) and Table 4.

icontrolpollution-Loading-schematic

Figure 7: Loading schematic of RC column.

icontrolpollution-Failure-RC

Figure 8: Failure of RC column.

icontrolpollution-proportion-concrete

Figure 9: Load deflection curve for various proportion of concrete.

Serial no Code Breaking load (Tons) Maximum Deflection (mm)
1 CC 35 2.2
2 CSC 32 1.26
3 0.5% S.F in CSC 34 1.35
4 1 % S.F in CSC 35 1.63
5 1.5% S.F in CSC 35 2.27
6 2% S.F in CSC 35 2.03
7 0.5% P.F in CSC 35 2.2
8 1% P.F in CSC 35 2.05
9 1.5% P.F in CSC 35 2.30
10 2% P.F in CSC 35 2.45
 

Table 4: Load vs. deflection values of reinforced columns

conclusions

1. It was observed that coconut shell concrete has achieved the strength 25 MPa for the grade m25.

2. It was observed that steel and plastic fiber in coconut shell concrete of proportion 1% has higher compressive strength compared to other proportions of 0.5%, 1.5% and 2%.

3. It was seen that steel and plastic fiber in coconut shell concrete of 1% has shown compressive strength higher than coconut shell concrete.

4. It was also observed that plastic fiber in coconut shell concrete has higher compressive strength than steel fibres.

5. With presence of steel fiber in coconut shell concrete, the tensile strength and flexural strength is high at 1% than other proportions of steel fiber and plastic fiber.

References

  1. Ahmed, I.�?  and Lovell, C.W. (1994). Transport Research Laboratory, A review of use of the waste materials and by products in road construction. Contractor Report 358.
  2. Gunasekaran, K., Kumar, P.S. and Lakshmipathy, M. (2011). Mechanical and bond properties of Coconut shell Concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 25(1) : 92-98.
  3. IS:516-1959. Method of test for strength of concrete.
  4. Olanipekun, E.A., Olusola, K.O. and Ata, O. (2006). A comparative study of concrete properties using coconut shell and palm kernel shell as coarse aggregates. Building and Environment. 41(3) : 297-301.

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